hyperledger的联盟成员及其证书信息存储在创世块中,后面无法再改变。块中的数据没有固定格式,只是一段byte缓冲区,存储的格式是由chaincode决定的,同一条链可以部署多条chaincode,每条chaincode提供不同的接口,用来访问或者修改数据。chaincode合约部署后独立运行在一个docker容器中,一旦部署上去就无法删除,chaincode在需要哪些节点上做背书签名,主要在于初始化时背书策略制定的。hyperledger可以跨链调用合约,但是只限于查询,而不能跨链调用合约写操作。 chaincode_example02合约:

/*
Copyright IBM Corp. 2016 All Rights Reserved.

Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at

		 http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
*/

package main

//WARNING - this chaincode's ID is hard-coded in chaincode_example04 to illustrate one way of
//calling chaincode from a chaincode. If this example is modified, chaincode_example04.go has
//to be modified as well with the new ID of chaincode_example02.
//chaincode_example05 show's how chaincode ID can be passed in as a parameter instead of
//hard-coding.

import (
	"fmt"
	"strconv"

	"github.com/hyperledger/fabric/core/chaincode/shim"
	pb "github.com/hyperledger/fabric/protos/peer"
)

// SimpleChaincode example simple Chaincode implementation
type SimpleChaincode struct {
}

func (t *SimpleChaincode) Init(stub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface) pb.Response {
	fmt.Println("ex02 Init")
	_, args := stub.GetFunctionAndParameters()
	var A, B string    // Entities
	var Aval, Bval int // Asset holdings
	var err error

	if len(args) != 4 {
		return shim.Error("Incorrect number of arguments. Expecting 4")
	}

	// Initialize the chaincode
	A = args[0]
	Aval, err = strconv.Atoi(args[1])
	if err != nil {
		return shim.Error("Expecting integer value for asset holding")
	}
	B = args[2]
	Bval, err = strconv.Atoi(args[3])
	if err != nil {
		return shim.Error("Expecting integer value for asset holding")
	}
	fmt.Printf("Aval = %d, Bval = %d\n", Aval, Bval)

	// Write the state to the ledger
	err = stub.PutState(A, []byte(strconv.Itoa(Aval)))
	if err != nil {
		return shim.Error(err.Error())
	}

	err = stub.PutState(B, []byte(strconv.Itoa(Bval)))
	if err != nil {
		return shim.Error(err.Error())
	}

	return shim.Success(nil)
}

func (t *SimpleChaincode) Invoke(stub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface) pb.Response {
	fmt.Println("ex02 Invoke")
	function, args := stub.GetFunctionAndParameters()
	if function == "invoke" {
		// Make payment of X units from A to B
		return t.invoke(stub, args)
	} else if function == "delete" {
		// Deletes an entity from its state
		return t.delete(stub, args)
	} else if function == "query" {
		// the old "Query" is now implemtned in invoke
		return t.query(stub, args)
	}

	return shim.Error("Invalid invoke function name. Expecting \"invoke\" \"delete\" \"query\"")
}

// Transaction makes payment of X units from A to B
func (t *SimpleChaincode) invoke(stub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface, args []string) pb.Response {
	var A, B string    // Entities
	var Aval, Bval int // Asset holdings
	var X int          // Transaction value
	var err error

	if len(args) != 3 {
		return shim.Error("Incorrect number of arguments. Expecting 3")
	}

	A = args[0]
	B = args[1]

	// Get the state from the ledger
	// TODO: will be nice to have a GetAllState call to ledger
	Avalbytes, err := stub.GetState(A)
	if err != nil {
		return shim.Error("Failed to get state")
	}
	if Avalbytes == nil {
		return shim.Error("Entity not found")
	}
	Aval, _ = strconv.Atoi(string(Avalbytes))

	Bvalbytes, err := stub.GetState(B)
	if err != nil {
		return shim.Error("Failed to get state")
	}
	if Bvalbytes == nil {
		return shim.Error("Entity not found")
	}
	Bval, _ = strconv.Atoi(string(Bvalbytes))

	// Perform the execution
	X, err = strconv.Atoi(args[2])
	if err != nil {
		return shim.Error("Invalid transaction amount, expecting a integer value")
	}
	Aval = Aval - X
	Bval = Bval + X
	fmt.Printf("Aval = %d, Bval = %d\n", Aval, Bval)

	// Write the state back to the ledger
	err = stub.PutState(A, []byte(strconv.Itoa(Aval)))
	if err != nil {
		return shim.Error(err.Error())
	}

	err = stub.PutState(B, []byte(strconv.Itoa(Bval)))
	if err != nil {
		return shim.Error(err.Error())
	}

	return shim.Success(nil)
}

// Deletes an entity from state
func (t *SimpleChaincode) delete(stub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface, args []string) pb.Response {
	if len(args) != 1 {
		return shim.Error("Incorrect number of arguments. Expecting 1")
	}

	A := args[0]

	// Delete the key from the state in ledger
	err := stub.DelState(A)
	if err != nil {
		return shim.Error("Failed to delete state")
	}

	return shim.Success(nil)
}

// query callback representing the query of a chaincode
func (t *SimpleChaincode) query(stub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface, args []string) pb.Response {
	var A string // Entities
	var err error

	if len(args) != 1 {
		return shim.Error("Incorrect number of arguments. Expecting name of the person to query")
	}

	A = args[0]

	// Get the state from the ledger
	Avalbytes, err := stub.GetState(A)
	if err != nil {
		jsonResp := "{\"Error\":\"Failed to get state for " + A + "\"}"
		return shim.Error(jsonResp)
	}

	if Avalbytes == nil {
		jsonResp := "{\"Error\":\"Nil amount for " + A + "\"}"
		return shim.Error(jsonResp)
	}

	jsonResp := "{\"Name\":\"" + A + "\",\"Amount\":\"" + string(Avalbytes) + "\"}"
	fmt.Printf("Query Response:%s\n", jsonResp)
	return shim.Success(Avalbytes)
}

func main() {
	err := shim.Start(new(SimpleChaincode))
	if err != nil {
		fmt.Printf("Error starting Simple chaincode: %s", err)
	}
}

合约的调用:

peer chaincode install -n mycc -v 1.0 -p github.com/hyperledger/fabric/examples/chaincode/go/chaincode_example02
peer chaincode instantiate -o orderer.example.com:7050 --tls $CORE_PEER_TLS_ENABLED --cafile $ORDERER_CA -C $CHANNEL_NAME -n mycc -v 1.0 -c '{"Args":["init","a","100","b","200"]}' -P "OR	('Org1MSP.member','Org2MSP.member')"
peer chaincode query -C $CHANNEL_NAME -n mycc -c '{"Args":["query","a"]}'
peer chaincode invoke -o orderer.example.com:7050  --tls $CORE_PEER_TLS_ENABLED --cafile $ORDERER_CA -C $CHANNEL_NAME -n mycc -c '{"Args":["invoke","a","b","10"]}'

fabcar合约,调用chaincode_example02合约:

/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
 * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
 * distributed with this work for additional information
 * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
 * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
 * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
 * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
 * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
 * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
 * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
 * specific language governing permissions and limitations
 * under the License.
 */

/*
 * The sample smart contract for documentation topic:
 * Writing Your First Blockchain Application
 */

package main

/* Imports
 * 4 utility libraries for formatting, handling bytes, reading and writing JSON, and string manipulation
 * 2 specific Hyperledger Fabric specific libraries for Smart Contracts
 */
import (
	"bytes"
	"encoding/json"
	"fmt"
	"strconv"
	"time"

	"github.com/hyperledger/fabric/core/chaincode/shim"
	sc "github.com/hyperledger/fabric/protos/peer"
)

// ToChaincodeArgs converts string args to []byte args
func ToChaincodeArgs(args ...string) [][]byte {
	bargs := make([][]byte, len(args))
	for i, arg := range args {
		bargs[i] = []byte(arg)
	}
	return bargs
}

// Define the Smart Contract structure
type SmartContract struct {
}

// Define the car structure, with 4 properties.  Structure tags are used by encoding/json library
type Car struct {
	Make   string `json:"make"`
	Model  string `json:"model"`
	Colour string `json:"colour"`
	Owner  string `json:"owner"`
}

/*
 * The Init method is called when the Smart Contract "fabcar" is instantiated by the blockchain network
 * Best practice is to have any Ledger initialization in separate function -- see initLedger()
 */
func (s *SmartContract) Init(APIstub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface) sc.Response {

	go func(){
		var count int = 0
		t1 := time.NewTicker(time.Second * 5)
		for {
			select {
			case <- t1.C:
				count = count + 1
				fmt.Println(fmt.Sprintf("time tick ..........%v",count))
			}
		}
	}()

	return shim.Success(nil)
}

/*
 * The Invoke method is called as a result of an application request to run the Smart Contract "fabcar"
 * The calling application program has also specified the particular smart contract function to be called, with arguments
 */
func (s *SmartContract) Invoke(APIstub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface) sc.Response {

	// Retrieve the requested Smart Contract function and arguments
	function, args := APIstub.GetFunctionAndParameters()
	// Route to the appropriate handler function to interact with the ledger appropriately
	if function == "queryCar" {
		return s.queryCar(APIstub, args)
	} else if function == "initLedger" {
		return s.initLedger(APIstub)
	} else if function == "createCar" {
		return s.createCar(APIstub, args)
	} else if function == "queryAllCars" {
		return s.queryAllCars(APIstub)
	} else if function == "changeCarOwner" {
		return s.changeCarOwner(APIstub, args)
	} else if function == "queryAsset" {
		return s.queryAsset(APIstub, args)
	} else if function == "pay" {
		return s.pay(APIstub, args)
	}

	return shim.Error("Invalid Smart Contract function name.")
}

func (s *SmartContract) queryCar(APIstub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface, args []string) sc.Response {

	if len(args) != 1 {
		return shim.Error("Incorrect number of arguments. Expecting 1")
	}

	carAsBytes, _ := APIstub.GetState(args[0])
	return shim.Success(carAsBytes)
}

func (s *SmartContract) initLedger(APIstub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface) sc.Response {
	cars := []Car{
		Car{Make: "Toyota", Model: "Prius", Colour: "blue", Owner: "Tomoko"},
		Car{Make: "Ford", Model: "Mustang", Colour: "red", Owner: "Brad"},
		Car{Make: "Hyundai", Model: "Tucson", Colour: "green", Owner: "Jin Soo"},
		Car{Make: "Volkswagen", Model: "Passat", Colour: "yellow", Owner: "Max"},
		Car{Make: "Tesla", Model: "S", Colour: "black", Owner: "Adriana"},
		Car{Make: "Peugeot", Model: "205", Colour: "purple", Owner: "Michel"},
		Car{Make: "Chery", Model: "S22L", Colour: "white", Owner: "Aarav"},
		Car{Make: "Fiat", Model: "Punto", Colour: "violet", Owner: "Pari"},
		Car{Make: "Tata", Model: "Nano", Colour: "indigo", Owner: "Valeria"},
		Car{Make: "Holden", Model: "Barina", Colour: "brown", Owner: "Shotaro"},
	}

	i := 0
	for i < len(cars) {
		fmt.Println("i is ", i)
		carAsBytes, _ := json.Marshal(cars[i])
		APIstub.PutState("CAR"+strconv.Itoa(i), carAsBytes)
		fmt.Println("Added", cars[i])
		i = i + 1
	}

	return shim.Success(nil)
}

func (s *SmartContract) createCar(APIstub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface, args []string) sc.Response {

	if len(args) != 5 {
		return shim.Error("Incorrect number of arguments. Expecting 5")
	}

	var car = Car{Make: args[1], Model: args[2], Colour: args[3], Owner: args[4]}

	carAsBytes, _ := json.Marshal(car)
	APIstub.PutState(args[0], carAsBytes)

	return shim.Success(nil)
}

func (s *SmartContract) queryAllCars(APIstub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface) sc.Response {

	startKey := "CAR0"
	endKey := "CAR999"

	resultsIterator, err := APIstub.GetStateByRange(startKey, endKey)
	if err != nil {
		return shim.Error(err.Error())
	}
	defer resultsIterator.Close()

	// buffer is a JSON array containing QueryResults
	var buffer bytes.Buffer
	buffer.WriteString("[")

	bArrayMemberAlreadyWritten := false
	for resultsIterator.HasNext() {
		queryResponse, err := resultsIterator.Next()
		if err != nil {
			return shim.Error(err.Error())
		}
		// Add a comma before array members, suppress it for the first array member
		if bArrayMemberAlreadyWritten == true {
			buffer.WriteString(",")
		}
		buffer.WriteString("{\"Key\":")
		buffer.WriteString("\"")
		buffer.WriteString(queryResponse.Key)
		buffer.WriteString("\"")

		buffer.WriteString(", \"Record\":")
		// Record is a JSON object, so we write as-is
		buffer.WriteString(string(queryResponse.Value))
		buffer.WriteString("}")
		bArrayMemberAlreadyWritten = true
	}
	buffer.WriteString("]")

	fmt.Printf("- queryAllCars:\n%s\n", buffer.String())

	return shim.Success(buffer.Bytes())
}

func (s *SmartContract) changeCarOwner(APIstub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface, args []string) sc.Response {

	if len(args) != 2 {
		return shim.Error("Incorrect number of arguments. Expecting 2")
	}

	carAsBytes, _ := APIstub.GetState(args[0])
	car := Car{}

	json.Unmarshal(carAsBytes, &car)
	car.Owner = args[1]

	carAsBytes, _ = json.Marshal(car)
	APIstub.PutState(args[0], carAsBytes)

	return shim.Success(nil)
}

func (s *SmartContract) queryAsset(APIstub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface, args []string) sc.Response {

	if len(args) != 4 {
		return shim.Error("Incorrect number of arguments. Expecting 4")
	}

	chainCodeToCall := args[0]
	function := args[1]
	user := args[2]
	channelID := args[3]

	invokeArgs := ToChaincodeArgs(function, user)
	response := APIstub.InvokeChaincode(chainCodeToCall, invokeArgs, channelID)
	if response.Status != shim.OK {
		errStr := fmt.Sprintf("Failed to invoke chaincode. Got error: %s", string(response.Payload))
		fmt.Printf(errStr)
		return shim.Error(errStr)
	}
	fmt.Println("--------------------------------------------------------->>>\n")
	fmt.Printf("%s",string(response.Payload))
	fmt.Println("<<<---------------------------------------------------------\n")

	return shim.Success(nil)
}

func (s *SmartContract) pay(APIstub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface, args []string) sc.Response {

	if len(args) != 6 {
		return shim.Error("Incorrect number of arguments. Expecting 5")
	}

	chainCodeToCall := args[0]
	function := args[1]
	user1 := args[2]
	user2 := args[3]
	X := args[4]
	channelID := args[5]

	invokeArgs := ToChaincodeArgs(function, user1, user2, X)
	response := APIstub.InvokeChaincode(chainCodeToCall, invokeArgs, channelID)
	if response.Status != shim.OK {
		errStr := fmt.Sprintf("Failed to invoke chaincode. Got error: %s", string(response.Payload))
		fmt.Printf(errStr)
		return shim.Error(errStr)
	}

	fmt.Println("--------------------------------------------------------->>>\n")
	fmt.Printf("%s",string(response.Payload))
	fmt.Println("<<<---------------------------------------------------------\n")

	return shim.Success(nil)
}

// The main function is only relevant in unit test mode. Only included here for completeness.
func main() {

	// Create a new Smart Contract
	err := shim.Start(new(SmartContract))
	if err != nil {
		fmt.Printf("Error creating new Smart Contract: %s", err)
	}
}

合约的调用:

#!/bin/bash

CHANNEL_NAME="mychannel"
ORDERER_CA=/opt/gopath/src/github.com/hyperledger/fabric/peer/crypto/ordererOrganizations/example.com/orderers/orderer.example.com/msp/tlscacerts/tlsca.example.com-cert.pem

#部署合约
peer chaincode install -n carcc -v 1.0 -p github.com/hyperledger/fabric/examples/chaincode/go/fabcar
#初始化合约
peer chaincode instantiate -o orderer.example.com:7050 --tls $CORE_PEER_TLS_ENABLED --cafile $ORDERER_CA -C $CHANNEL_NAME -n carcc -v 1.0 -c '{"Args":["init"]}' -P "OR('Org1MSP.member','Org2MSP.member')"
#初始化账本
peer chaincode invoke -o orderer.example.com:7050  --tls $CORE_PEER_TLS_ENABLED --cafile $ORDERER_CA -C $CHANNEL_NAME -n carcc -c '{"Args":["initLedger"]}'
#查询所有车信息
peer chaincode invoke -o orderer.example.com:7050  --tls $CORE_PEER_TLS_ENABLED --cafile $ORDERER_CA -C $CHANNEL_NAME -n carcc -c '{"Args":["queryAllCars"]}'
#查询指定车的信息
peer chaincode invoke -o orderer.example.com:7050  --tls $CORE_PEER_TLS_ENABLED --cafile $ORDERER_CA -C $CHANNEL_NAME -n carcc -c '{"Args":["queryCar", "CAR1"]}'
#添加车信息
peer chaincode invoke -o orderer.example.com:7050  --tls $CORE_PEER_TLS_ENABLED --cafile $ORDERER_CA -C $CHANNEL_NAME -n carcc -c '{"Args":["createCar", "CAR10","QQ","dazhong","white","lisi"]}'
#查询刚才添加的车信息
peer chaincode invoke -o orderer.example.com:7050  --tls $CORE_PEER_TLS_ENABLED --cafile $ORDERER_CA -C $CHANNEL_NAME -n carcc -c '{"Args":["queryCar", "CAR10"]}'
#修改刚才添加的车主信息
peer chaincode invoke -o orderer.example.com:7050  --tls $CORE_PEER_TLS_ENABLED --cafile $ORDERER_CA -C $CHANNEL_NAME -n carcc -c '{"Args":["changeCarOwner", "CAR10","zhangsan"]}'
#查询刚才添加的车主信息是否修改
peer chaincode invoke -o orderer.example.com:7050  --tls $CORE_PEER_TLS_ENABLED --cafile $ORDERER_CA -C $CHANNEL_NAME -n carcc -c '{"Args":["queryCar", "CAR10"]}'

peer chaincode invoke -o orderer.example.com:7050  --tls $CORE_PEER_TLS_ENABLED --cafile $ORDERER_CA -C $CHANNEL_NAME -n carcc -c '{"Args":["queryAsset","mycc","query","a","mychannel"]}'

peer chaincode invoke -o orderer.example.com:7050  --tls $CORE_PEER_TLS_ENABLED --cafile $ORDERER_CA -C $CHANNEL_NAME -n carcc -c '{"Args":["pay","mycc","invoke","a","b","1","mychannel"]}'